Introduction:
The Indian Penal Code (Act No. 45 of 1860) means it is the 45th Act to be passed in the year 1860. It is a substantive law which means it is not a procedural/adjective law just like The Code of Criminal Procedure (Cr.P.C), 1973 or The Code of Civil Procedure (C.P.C), 1908 where the court trials or proceedings are held but it speaks about the facts of each case and tells us about the punishments, fines or damages.
Facts: Assent of Governor - 6th October, 1860
Enacted/passed on - 6th October, 1860
Came into Force - 1st January, 1862
The I.P.C together with Cr.P.C constitute the Criminal law of India.
There are a total of 511 Sections in IPC and these sections are divided into 23 Chapters.
Lord Macaulay, the Chairman (along with Macleod, Anderson and Millet) of the First Law Commission drafted the IPC and submitted to the Governor General in 1837. In between it passes through various Judges and Law Advisors and revised through another Law Commission and finally passed by the legislative council in 1860.
IPC mainly describes the punishment in relation to the various offences.
For example: Theft is an offence under section 378 for which there is punishment with imprisonment which may extend to 3 years or with fine or both.
IPC extends to the whole of India (The code came into force in Jammu and Kashmir on 31st October, 2019 by virtue of Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 replacing Ranbir Penal Code). Every person who is guilty under this code is liable to be punished within India. In some cases it is also applicable to extra-territorial jurisdiction u/s 3 & 4.
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